Mandarin slang
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Like English slang, many Chinese slang terms involve the genitalia or other sexual terms. For penis:
鸡巴 jībā (also 鸡鸡, G8, GG) = cock (used as early as the Yuan Dynasty) 小弟弟 xiǎo dìdì = cock
跨下物 kuà xià wù = penis (literary)
阴茎 yīnjīng = penis (scientific)
There seem to be fewer words for vagina, which is more common as an insult than the ones for penis:
屄 bī (also 逼、比、B) = cunt
傻屄 shǎbī = stupid person
骚屄 sāobī = bitch
骚货 sāohuò = slut
臭屄 chòubī = stinking cunt
烂屄 lànbī = rotten cunt
阴道 yīndào = vagina (scientific)
Male masturbation, at least, has several vulgar expressions:
打手枪 dăshǒuqiāng = (lit. hitting a gun) male masturbation
打飞机 dǎfēijī = (lit. hitting an airplane) male masturbation
手淫 shǒuyín = masturbation (scientific)
As in English, a vulgar word for the sexual act is used in insults and expletives:
操你祖宗十八代 cào nǐ zǔzōng shíbā dài = fuck your ancestors to the eighteenth generation
我靠 wǒ kào = fuck! (Originally from Taiwanese, this has spread to the mainland).
Insulting someone's mother is also common:
他妈的 tā māde = damn (the Chinese expression is actually not very strong; in the 1920's the famous writer Lu Xun joked that this should be China's national curse word.) 他妈的鸟 tā māde niǎo = goddamned
去你奶奶的 qù nǐ nǎinaide, 去你媽的 qù nǐ māde = fuck off (去你的 qù nǐde is a milder version)
你妈的屄 nǐmādebī = your mother's cunt
操你娘 cào nǐ niáng = fuck your mother (also 操你妈)
干你老母 gàn nǐ lǎo mǔ = fuck your mother
Insults include implying that the interlocutor's mother or even grandmother was unfaithful. "Turtle" is commonly explained to be an insult because a turtle does not know its father.
王八 wángbā (sometimes 忘八 wàngbā) = cuckold; this was an insult as early as the Song dynasty; some argue that the 忘八 meant "forgetting the eight [virtues]" 王八蛋 wángbādàn (sometimes 忘八旦, also 忘八羔子 wàngbāgāozi) = bastard (literally "turtle egg")
龟孙子 guī sūnzǐ = bastard (literally "turtle grandson")
戴绿帽子 dàilǜmàozi = to be a cuckold (literally "wear a green hat" supposedly because male brothel workers had to wear green hats)
As in the West, highly sexual women have been feared:
狐狸精 húli jīng = bitch (overly seductive woman)
Occasionally, slang words with a negative connotation are turned around and used positively:
我操 wǒ cào = amazing
牛屄 niúbī = fucking awesome (possibly influenced by the expression 吹牛皮 chuī niú pí, which means to brag)
屌 diǎo (sometimes 鸟 niǎo) = cock; this was an insult as long ago as the Jin Dynasty. Now it sometimes also means "cool" or "outrageous", thanks in large part to the pop star Jay Chou
Other insults include the word 混 hùn, which means "mixed-up"
混账 hùnzhàng = son of a bitch
混蛋 hùndàn (also 昏蛋, 浑蛋)= son of a bitch
混球 hùnqiú = son of a bitch
Perhaps it is the influence of 王八蛋 wángbādàn, 蛋 dàn is used in a number of other insults in addition to 混蛋 hùndàn
滚蛋 gǔndàn = get lost!
笨蛋 bèndàn = dummy, fool
坏蛋 huàidàn = bad person
捣蛋 dǎodàn (also 倒蛋) = to cause trouble
For some reason, 瓜 guā (melon or gourd) is also used in insults
傻瓜 shǎguā (also 傻子 shǎzi) = dummy, fool (in use as early as the Yuan dynasty) 呆瓜 dàiguā (also 呆子 dàizi) = dummy, fool
废 ("useless") appears in a number of insults:
窝囊废 wōnang fèi= loser
废人 fèi rén = useless person
Other insults accuse people of lacking qualities expected of a human being:
畜生 chùsheng = animal (these characters are also used for Japanese "chikushō", which may mean beast, but is also used as an expletive, like "damn!")
你不是人 nǐ bú shì rén = you're not human
你是什么东西 nǐ shì shénma dōngxi = you're less than human
死 sǐ ("dead") is used in a number of insults:
死鬼 sì guǐ = bastard
死三八、臭三八 sǐ sānbā, chòu sānbā = bitch
Whereas "shit" is a vulgar word in English, none of the various words for "excrement" in Chinese are in themselves vulgar, and are less commonly used as expletives. Perhaps because farting results in something that is useless even for fertilizer, "放屁" ("to fart") is an expletive in Chinese:
放屁 fàng pì = bullshit (nonsense)
While there are various circumlocutions in Chinese for homosexual, like 断袖 duǎnxiù, 余桃 yútáo, and 玻璃 bōli, these are less common as insults.